Achieving global net-zero power systems by mid-century demands integrated frameworks addressing climate mitigation and energy access equity. Here we present a spatio-temporally resolved global power system model (0.25° × 0.25°, 8,760 hours) co-optimizing capacity expansion and operational strategies. Findings show that net-zero global power systems meeting universal electricity needs for decent living standards are technically feasible, requiring 15–20 TW of variable renewable energy (VRE). Abundant VRE resources offer cost-effective electricity access in low-income regions, such as Africa, promoting climate justice. Land use is critical, with solar photovoltaics alone requiring over 9 million hectares. Over 80% of VRE is within 200 km of load centres. Demand-side management could reduce system costs by 6.5% (∼US$182 billion/yr). Expanding international transmission and removing renewable technology trade barriers could cut costs by 5.6% (∼US$157 billion/yr) and 12.2% (∼US$345 billion/yr), underscoring the pivotal role of international collaboration in building inclusive net-zero power systems.
Recommended citation:
Zhu, Z., Mao, H., Yu, R., Botterud, A., Davidson, M. R., Lu, X., … Zhang, D. (2026). Integrated planning of net-zero power systems for all. Nature Energy, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-026-02054-1